This chapter mainly outlined the importance and lack there of, rhetoric in the 20th century. Rhetoric was debated by many critiques. Some valued its importance, while others argued its lack of importance to English studies.
Rhetoric and Composition:
In the late 19th century to the early 20th century, people valued the current-traditional studies. This emphasized expository writing, modes of discourse, grammar, and style. The early 20th century self-expression. This soon came to be known as creative writing. Creative writing took importance at different times throughout the 20th century.
Speech Communication
Though rhetoric wasn't always taught in public speaking classes, it did have a place. Most public speaking teachers favored lessons of presenting knowledge and the current-traditional lessons, rhetoric was being used. Later on in the 20th century, graduate classes began to focus on theory and tradition. Part of the curriculum in the graduate study classes was the historical studies of rhetors and orators.
Philosophy of Language vs Rhetoric
Garver believed language was conceived on logic rather than rhetoric. He argued the lack of importance rhetoric had on language and it's lack of importance in general.
Lit., Logic, Rhetoric, and Ethics
Aristotle divided rhetoric and poetic. He revealed the differences and similarities of the two.
-Rhetoric: Active Goal
-Literature: Contemplative Goal
He thought that poetic concerned only feelings and rhetoric only action.
Burke argues, "lit. is unequivocally a form of persuasive discourse and is therefore governed by rhetoric"... this upset people who wanted to keep rhetoric and poetic divided.
Rhetoric vs Logic
Rhetorics of gender, race, and culture in the 20th century --> more educated women
The reach of Rhetoric
20th century theories of rhetoric - formulating relationships between language and knowledge.
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Delivery: Attending to the Eyes and Ears
Even though ancient rhetors didn't think that delivery was very important, and that discourse was more important, I beg to differ that they didn't value delivery.
Ancient rhetors were looking to give speeches that would attract their listeners. In order to do this, they had to appeal to the eyes and ears. Part of oral delivery is using different tools including pitch to attract the ears of their listeners. Ancient rhetors may no have known it, but delivery was a large part of their speeches and the ability it had to reach their audience.
Another thing I found interesting in this chapter was visual rhetoric. I had never thought about the value of punctuation. It's interesting that ancient Greeks didn't use punctuation. I can't imagine reading lines without knowing exactly where to take a breath.
Delivery is extremely important in written and oral rhetoric.
Ancient rhetors were looking to give speeches that would attract their listeners. In order to do this, they had to appeal to the eyes and ears. Part of oral delivery is using different tools including pitch to attract the ears of their listeners. Ancient rhetors may no have known it, but delivery was a large part of their speeches and the ability it had to reach their audience.
Another thing I found interesting in this chapter was visual rhetoric. I had never thought about the value of punctuation. It's interesting that ancient Greeks didn't use punctuation. I can't imagine reading lines without knowing exactly where to take a breath.
Delivery is extremely important in written and oral rhetoric.
Wednesday, November 2, 2011
Style + Vico + Sheridan
ARCS Ch 10- Style: Composition and Ornament
Ancient rhetors used the term "style" when referring to the art to unusual uses or arrangement of words.
The chapter further discusses the composition of sentences and the different types of speech that are used. Some of these include similes, metaphors, tropes, and etc. Basically, it talks about the different styles and ornaments that are used and are appropriate in a different situations.
RT- Vico is regarded as a reactionary because of his opposition to the thoughts and teachings of Descartes. Vico proposed that there are three stages through which human history evolved: the poetic, the heroic, and the human stage. The poetic stage was when "knowledge was generated by metaphor", the heroic stage was when "nations developed, promulgating, rigid systems of law to preserve the organization of society. The human stage was when "the self-conscious study of human knowledge lead to greater equity in law and democracy in politics.
RT- Sheridan is famous for his lectures. He was motivated by linguistic self-improvement and educational reform. He agreed with Locke that "language is the medium of reason, so voice and gesture are 'the natural language of the passions'". Sheridan's lectures appeal to science, reference for the ancients, linguistic anxiety, and morality.
Ancient rhetors used the term "style" when referring to the art to unusual uses or arrangement of words.
The chapter further discusses the composition of sentences and the different types of speech that are used. Some of these include similes, metaphors, tropes, and etc. Basically, it talks about the different styles and ornaments that are used and are appropriate in a different situations.
RT- Vico is regarded as a reactionary because of his opposition to the thoughts and teachings of Descartes. Vico proposed that there are three stages through which human history evolved: the poetic, the heroic, and the human stage. The poetic stage was when "knowledge was generated by metaphor", the heroic stage was when "nations developed, promulgating, rigid systems of law to preserve the organization of society. The human stage was when "the self-conscious study of human knowledge lead to greater equity in law and democracy in politics.
RT- Sheridan is famous for his lectures. He was motivated by linguistic self-improvement and educational reform. He agreed with Locke that "language is the medium of reason, so voice and gesture are 'the natural language of the passions'". Sheridan's lectures appeal to science, reference for the ancients, linguistic anxiety, and morality.
Enlightenment Rhetoric + Locke + Astell
Enlightenment during the 17th-18th centuries when there were revolutions in science, philosophy, and politics. This had a great affect on the principles of rhetoric, as well as language and communication.
The logic of rhetoric changed. Scientists were calling for style to be used by rhetoricians that was clear and plain.
Francis Bacon made a change in rhetoric that had to do with psychology. He thought that rhetoric should appeal to its audience mentally. This proved to be a powerful tool.
The Elocution Movement during the 18th - 19th centuries, focused on delivery, correctness, verbal, and non-verbal cues.
"the rhetorical theories of the Enlightenment are intimately linked to the intellectual and social developments that shaped the modern world" (RT 792)
John Locke powerfully affected the direction of rhetoric by his force in the development of modern philosophy. One of his beliefs was that people need to know the process to which they come to know new knowledge in order to truly know it.
Mary Astell was a woman writer. She is known as one of the first feminists. She thought women should become educated and unite together to improve their situation.
The logic of rhetoric changed. Scientists were calling for style to be used by rhetoricians that was clear and plain.
Francis Bacon made a change in rhetoric that had to do with psychology. He thought that rhetoric should appeal to its audience mentally. This proved to be a powerful tool.
The Elocution Movement during the 18th - 19th centuries, focused on delivery, correctness, verbal, and non-verbal cues.
"the rhetorical theories of the Enlightenment are intimately linked to the intellectual and social developments that shaped the modern world" (RT 792)
John Locke powerfully affected the direction of rhetoric by his force in the development of modern philosophy. One of his beliefs was that people need to know the process to which they come to know new knowledge in order to truly know it.
Mary Astell was a woman writer. She is known as one of the first feminists. She thought women should become educated and unite together to improve their situation.
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